Canker, caused by the protozoan Trichomonas columbae, predominantly affects pigeons by infecting their digestive tract, particularly the throat, crop, and associated areas like the bile duct. The organism triggers inflammation, leading to deep ulceration and the accumulation of thick yellow inflammatory debris. These lesions can obstruct the throat and trachea, causing difficulties in swallowing and breathing. Additionally, the toxins released by the organism can harm the liver and kidneys.
Symptoms commonly associated with canker include general decline in health, difficulty in swallowing, vomiting, regurgitation, visible saliva at the beak margins, weight loss, breathing difficulties, throat distension, presence of yellow material in the mouth, and high mortality, particularly among young birds.
Transmission occurs through intimate contact between birds, primarily via saliva or pigeon milk. Saliva contaminates food and water sources, allowing the organism to spread. When infected pigeons drink water or sort through contaminated grains, they spread the disease. Adult birds 'billing' (a courtship behavior) or feeding their nestlings can also transmit the organism.
After exposure, outcomes vary. Some birds develop severe disease, while others might show no symptoms or clear the organism from their system. Factors influencing outcomes include the bird's age, overall health, previous exposure, and immunity. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of a saliva sample or crop aspirate, confirming the presence of the organism.
The fragile nature of the Trichomonas organism outside the bird's body aids in disease control, preventing infections from the environment. However, the disease's transmission through intimate contact poses challenges in managing its spread among pigeon flocks.
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